Methods of Social Research

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Americans, in the years following the end of World War I found themselves in an era called â€Å"The Roaring Twenties.† Americans in â€Å"The Roaring Twenties† found themselves in an era, where the people simply wished to detach themselves from the troubles of Europeans and the rest of the world. During the 1020’s the economy proved prosperous for the middle and upper class, crime lords and businesses; however, it was not a prosperous period for minorities and farmers. The Eighteenth Amendment (1919), which banned the manufacturing, sale of or transportation of liquor, caused breweries and saloons a great demise; however, it reaped profit for bootleggers. This also meant a rise in organized crime. Events such as the â€Å"Saint Valentines Massacre† took place. Callous criminals such as Capone, was worth an estimated 60 million dollars. Although Capone was indeed a criminal, he shared his wealth with charities, and provided the public with goods and services that they wanted. . (Tindall, et al., 434) Middle- Class Americans were moving into a period of economic prosperity. Even industrial workers whose strikes for higher pay had availed them little in the previous decades benefited. When the American people saw that the economy was flourishing, they felt that they were on a pedestal, protected from the river of uncertainty, economic depression and the failure of the â€Å"American Dream.† Many Americans found a way to improve their lifestyle. Whether it had been through hard work, or luck in the stock market. Since the economy was in such good shape, many Americans could afford to purchase items they could not have purchased in the past. Items such as camera’s, appliances, and radios were now affordable not only to the rich, but to the middle-class as well. (Tindall, et al., 446) Low-income families could afford to buy an inexpensive Model T, which Henry Ford developed in 1908. The number of passenger cars in the... 's Free Essays on Alzheimer\'s Alzheimer’s Disease is relentlessly destroying the brains and lives of our nation’s older adults, robbing them of memory, the ability to reason, and affecting their emotions and behavior. Alzheimer’s Disease is a degenerative disorder of the brain. The longer we live the greater the risk; â€Å"nearly 10 percent of all people over age 65 and up to half of those over age 85 are thought to have Alzheimer’s Disease or another form of dementia† (Anonymous, 2002). The devastation of Alzheimer’s Disease affects millions of families in the United States. Alzheimer’s Disease costs can be measured in mental, physical, emotional, and financial terms (Clark, 1997). In terms of emotional and physical strains, it is perhaps the caregivers and family who suffer the most for they live with the disease consciously, never losing the knowledge or understanding of what is actually going on. This is not to say that the Alzheimer’s patient does not suffer an incredible amount of suffering. Even though they often forget their pain and condition, they are sometimes victims of abuse. In the following paper I will examine two aspects of aging: that of Alzheimer’s Disease and elder abuse. I will examine the effects they have upon families, caregivers and the victims. â€Å"In Alzheimer’s Disease and other dementias, problems with memory, judgment, and thought processes make it hard for a person to work and take part in day-to-day family and social life. Changes in mood and personality also may occur† (Anonymous, 2002). â€Å"Approximately 19 million Americans have a family member with Alzheimer’s; approximately 300,000 cases each year are diagnosed† (Anonymous, 2002). At the present time there is no cure for Alzheimer’s though symptoms can be relieved to a degree with certain medications. Early in the disease the patient may experience minimal changes â€Å"such as forgetfulness and subtle memory loss, without loss of social skills and behavi...

The Isolation of Prisoners in the United States Research Paper

The Isolation of Prisoners in the United States - Research Paper Example In the year 2005, the case that was placed against the California state was by a prisoner of African-American origin who had been placed in isolation since the year 1987. The prisoner finally filed his case and argued that he deserved â€Å"Equal Protection.† The Court ruled against the state and put forward the fact that such isolation was not legal. This case clearly explained the fact that racial isolation in prisons was being practised up until the year 2005 and stronger measures were essential to overcome this issue (Palmer 2010). Isolation of prisoners who report being HIV positive and their compulsory testing for this disease has also been a controversial problem. According to the guidelines of the World Health Organization, this separation of HIV and AIDS positive prisoners is against the ethical and moral laws. There are many underlying reasons presented for this stand of the WHO. It is clearly explained that HIV is not a disease which can spread by â€Å"casual contact† and hence if the reason provided for this isolation is the prevention of spread, it is not justified. There are many disadvantages of separation of these prisoners. This is because other prisoners would not wish to be tested for HIV as they would not wish to be isolated from jail mates. Furthermore, the patients who would be HIV positive would also not come forward for treatment owing to the fear of being kept alone. This forced isolation would also create an image of the HIV positive prisoners as being dangerous and thus they would be subjected to bias from their officials as well as other fellow prisoners.

Issues in Internet Sales Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Issues in Internet Sales Law - Essay Example ld there be a contract and the case goes before the courts, according to the freedom on contract set forth in article 6 will not only enforce it but also to specific trade terms commonly used in international commercial transactions, such as Incoterms. (Butler, 2007) However in the absence of an agreement the CSIG provides for the passing of risk from the seller to the buyer with reference to the price ask or payment of the goods, due to loss or damage, as set forth in Part III Chapter IV: Passing or Risk, Articles 66-70 (Butler, 2007). Should Pretel contemplated not going to court, her lawyer would advise her otherwise because according to Butler (2007), Article 66 states; â€Å"Loss of damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge him from his obligation to pay the price, unless the loss or damage is due to an act of omission of the seller.† For the most part according to Steingold (2005), the same legal rules apply when one does business online as when one sells brick and mortar to a customer or by mail (Steingold F.S., 2005). This is possible the attorney went on to say, as long as the federal and state statutes and regulations are not violated. However, a look at the condition of sale on Cheryl’s website as well as the condition British received the goods, will set the stage for the arguments and case studies to be mentioned. Cheryl’s website advertised to prospective sellers read, â€Å"all our toys are boxed in good condition for their age.† It went on further to inform that, â€Å"all goods are sold as seen and although we will wrap up goods, we cannot be held responsible for any loss in transit.† After winning the auction for Death Star and Tie Fighter, the toys arrived damaged and in badly battered packaging at Pritesh address, and promptly requested a refund. The case comes to life because the seller, Cheryl, refused to honor the request for a refund, saying that the risk had rest with the buyer. It seemed that Cheryl

Graduating a Specialized Institution in Pursuing Career Ambitions of Personal Statement

Graduating a Specialized Institution in Pursuing Career Ambitions of Becoming a Dentist - Personal Statement Example Your institution, owing to its outstanding capacity in facilities and academic staff, for which it is internationally recognized, is my preferred choice as I intend to gain a high level of professional competence. Even though many environmental factors have influenced my choice of the course, my immediate objective in the undergraduate program is to establish a basis for a future career in dentistry. This will empower me to help my father in his established private practice. I, however, can only achieve this through a competent institution like yours. This is because my success the graduate school will determine my progress in developing a profession as well as my personal competence. Apart from my main objective of supporting and expanding my father’s practice, I aim at using my attained academic qualification and professional position to benefit society as my future part-time activity. For example, I intend to share my gained knowledge, which I shall in future expansion through higher levels of education, with students in academic institutions through lecturing. It is similarly my desire to be a role model to the youth and the entire society, as I have been to my younger brother, and to encourage them to do good things. In order to achieve these goals however, I need to first develop my career to become an influential member of the society. I believe that I can achieve this only through your institution. I also wish to communicate my competence to complete the program within the institution’s schedule. This is because I have resources, in terms of finances and time, to complete the course. My academic background also guarantees my ability to complete the course due to my average grade of 3.19 out of 4.0 ‘GAP’ and a score of 24 in my ‘ACTs’.

Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density

Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density Photoluminescence and Band Energy Gap For Porous Silicon p-type with Different Current Density  and Different Etching Time 1Mohammed Jabbar Hussein, *1W. Mahmood Mat Yunus, 2Halimah Mohamed Kamari 3Josephine Liew Ying Chyl, Abstract Photoluminescence (PL) for porous silicon lead to studied by many researcher .this phenomenon which has application in many devices. Porous silicon can be used in the optoelectronic devices and sensor. Therefore, the study to development porous silicon is very necessary,. In this study, porous silicon was prepared by chemical etching used silicon , the based electrolyte was ued HF acid with ethanol 1:1 . The porous silicon was characterized by Photoluminescence Spectrometer (PLS) and (SEM) Microscope. The range of the porosity (20.33 – 78.2) % and it is dependent on current density and etching time. The has Band gap energy which is from 1.81 ev to 2.o7 ev , the band gap energy is increased with increasing current density and increasing etching time Introduction Since the discovery of visible luminescence in the room temperature [1–5], porous silicon (PS) has become a subject of considerable interest, optoelectronic device [6,7]. many several methods [8–10] for fabricating PS from crystalline silicon wafers. The electrochemical etching [1,8]. Both method is the difference between them the chemical etching without using the external bias, therefore, considered this method the localized electrochemical process chemically [11]. Porous silicon was discovered in 1956 by Uhlir ( Uhlir 1956) while performing electro polishing experiments ,hydrofluoric acid (HF) was prepared in to silicon wafer by electrolyte containing . He found that under the appropriate conditions applied current and solution composition , the silicon did not dissolve uniformly but instead fine holes were produced, porous silicon formation was obtained using electrochemical dissolution of silicon wafer in aqueous or ethanoic HF solution The size dependency of the PL energy , which explains the efficient luminescence , causes the peaks to sift towards the higher energy or lower wavelength , as already reported [12,13] ,the red shift in PL peaks with decreasing average size of Si structure size in psi is considered to be strong evidence that the visible PL is caused by the quantum confinement effect [14] . The degree of the blue shift for psi usually depends preparation condition , Si resistivity , substrate ,type and dopant concentration , which can cause different modification of psi microstructure during anodisation [15] The values of the band gap energy of the porous silicon are the same range of the reported ( 1.5ev to 2.5 ev) [16.;17,18] In this work , porous silicon p-type was prepared by electrochemical etching technique and photoluminescence PL spectroscopy was used to determine the wavelength the emitted light . Preparation porous silicon All samples were prepared on (100) n- type silicon (Si) single crystal wafers of 537 thickness. Silicon substrates were cleaned by sonification for 5min in ethanol, and acetone. A Si substrate was placed at the bottom of a cylindrical Teflon cell and fixed by an aluminium plate as a backing material. A platinum (Pt) rod serves as a cathode perpendicular to the Si surface at a distance of (1cm). The samples were prepared with constant current, density, and etching time at a concentration of ethanol ( in the volume ratio of 1:1. Theaside is an essential ingredient for the anodical etching of . Ethanol was added into electrolyte to enhance the homogeneity and uniformity of the () surface because it acts as a promoting agent to increase the wettability of () surface and to remove the extraneous H2 bubbles that appear during the anodical etching process. In fact, ethanic solutions infiltrate the pores, while purely aqueous HF solution does not. This is very important for the lateral hom ogeneity and the uniformity in depth of the () layer. A digital current source () was used to supply constant current. Figure (1) shows the schematic diagram of all the elements used for the preparation of (). To generate the electron hole pairs, the surface of sample was illuminated with halogen lamp () during iodisation. For all samples, a voltage of was applied to the halogen lamp for illumination. The current densities used for samples are 10 mA/cm2, 20 mA/cm2, and 30 mA/cm2 with etching times of 20mins, 40mins, 60mins, and 80mins. HF based electrolyte Pt electrode Teflon cell Si wafer Current source AL plate Figure 1: Schematic of electrochemical etching cell for iodisation of () samples Figure (2):porous silicon (). a without light .b)with light .c) after remove the porous . Figure(3) : SEM images of PSi a) silicon wafer as scale 1m, b)-porous silicon (). as scale. c) porous silicon as scale 500 nm .d) porous silicon as scale . Results and discussion The optical properties of psi samples electrochemically etched at three different current density and by varying etching time. Figures (4- a,b,and c) shows the variation of PL spectra with etching time for the psi samples obtained at the current density 10 mA /cm2 , 20 mA/cm 2, and 30 mA/cm2. The intense luminescence spectra emitted from porous silicon structures formed on the samples. The pl peaks show a steady red color shift from 500 nm to 800 nm with increasing the etching time . , Figures (4-a,b,c) PL peaks for porous silicon samples prepared under differnet etching time with the current density a) 10 ma/cm2 ,b)20 mA/cm2 ,c)30 mA/cm2. respectively The Figure (5) show the PL spectra of samples prepared by current density of 10, 20 and 30 , respectively ..The band gap energy () was inferred from (PL) wavelength (ÃŽ ») using (. the relationship between band energy gap with the current density and etching time is increased the band energy gap when the current density and etching time increasing [19] . Figure (5-a,b) show the energy gap () variation of psi samples as a function of etching time and current density , respectively Figures (5-a,b) Band energy gap as a function to a) etching time with different current density ,b) currents density with the different etching time . Respectively Figure (6) show the band energy gap versus the porosity for three different current density of the samples and deferent etching time. The band gap energy value is not linearly increased with increasing porosity because the change in the structure size of the silicon. The results show the dependency of the band gab energy value to the current density especially in high porosity [16] Figure (6) .band gap energy as a function to porosity with different current density. Table (1) .the values of porosity, band gap energy, and PL peaks intensity for porous silicon with different current density and different etching time Table (1) shows that the band gap energy increases from ( 1.82 ,1.90,194,and 1.97 ) ev to (1.86,1.91,196,and 2,01) in etching time (20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 10 to 20 ,also the increases the band energy gap from ( 1.86,1.93,196,and 2,01) ev to ( 1.93,1.97,2.01 ,and 2.07 ) in the etching time20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 20 to 30. The results show an increase the band energy gap when the etching time increasing. That mean the band energy gap depended of the current density and etching time . the results shown the band gap energy is increased with etching time , it is increase from (1.82,1.86,and 1.93 ) ev to (1.90 , 1.93 , and 1.97 ) ev in the current density (10,20,and 30) mA/cm2 respectively when the etching time increasing from 20 min to 40 min . as well to another etching time from 40 min to 60 min and from 60 min to 80min . Conclusion. In summary. The results show for the effects the etching time and current density to the band energy gap and the porosity. In this experimental the band energy gap is increased with increasing the current density the band gap energy increases from ( 1.81 ,1.88,194,and 1.99 ) ev to (1.86,1.91,196,and 2,01) in etching time (20,40,60,and 80 )min respectively when the current density increasing from 10 to 20 , . as well to another current density ,also the band energy gab is increased from (1.81,1.86,and 1.93 )ev to (1.88 , 1.91 , and 1.97 ) ev in the current density (10,20,and 30) mA/cm2 respectively when the etching time increasing from 20 min to 40 min . as well to another etching time . Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Physics Department in the University Putra Malaysia for providing the research fealties. References [1]Canham, L.. (1990). Silicon quantum wire †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Applied Physics Letters,57(10), 1046-1048. [2]Lehmann, V., Gà ¶sele, U. (1991). Porous silicon formation: A quantum wire effect.Applied Physics Letters,58(8), 856-858. [3] Searson, P. C., Macaulay, J. M., Ross, F. M. (1992). Pore morphology and the mechanism †¦Journal of applied physics,72(1), 253-258. [4] Hummel, R. E., Morrone, A., Ludwig, M., Chang, S. S. (1993). On the origin of photoluminescence †¦Applied physics letters,63(20), 2771-2773. [5] Calderà ³n, A., Alvarado-Gil, J. J., Gurevich, Y. ., Cruz-Orea, A., Delgadillo, Vargas, ., Miranda, L. (1997). Photo-thermal characterization †¦.Physical Review Letters,79(25), 5022. [6] Joubert, P., Abouliatim, A., Guyader, P., Briand, D., Lambert, B., Guendouz, M. (1995). Growth and luminescence of n-†¦. Films,255(1), 96-98. [7Lockwood, D. J. (1994). Optical properties of porous silicon.Solid State Communications,92(1), 101-112. [8] Beale, M. I. J., Benjamin, J. D., Uren, M. J., Chew, N. G., Cullis, A. G. (1985). An experimental and †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ porous silicon.Journal of Crystal Growth,73(3), 622-636. [9] Hummel, R. E., Chang, S. S. (1992). Novel technique †¦Applied physics letters,61(16), 1965-1967. [10]Maeda, Y., Tsukamoto, N., Yazawa, Y., Kanemitsu, Y., Masumoto, Y. (1991). Visible photoluminescence †¦ matrices.Applied physics letters,59(24), 3168-3170.). [11]Lemus, R.G., Rodriguez, C.H., Hander, F.B. and Duart, J.M.M. 2002. Anodic and optical characterisation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Solar Energy Materials Solar Cell 72:495-501 [12] Bisi, O., Ossicini, S., Pavesi, L. (2000). Porous silicon: a quantum †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Surface science reports,38(1), 1-126. [13] Nguyen, T. P., Le Rendu, P., Tran, V. H., Parkhutik, V., Esteve, R. F. (2000). Electrical and optical †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. silicon structures.Journal of Porous Materials,7(1-3), 393-396. [14] Hirschman, K. D., Tsybeskov, L., Duttagupta, S. P., Fauchet, P. M. (1996). Silicon-based visible light†¦..microelectronic circuits. [15] Bernini, U., Lettieri, Maddalena, P., Vitiello., Francia. (2001). Evaluation of the thermal conductivity of porous †¦Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter,13(5), 1141. [16] Rajabi, M., Dariani, R. S. (2009). â€Å"Current improvement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Journal of Porous Materials,16(5), 513-519. [17] Sheng, C. K., Mahmood Mat Yunus, W., Yunus, W. M. Z. W., Abidin Talib, Z., Kassim, A. (2008). Characterization of thermal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. B: Condensed Matter,403(17), 2634-2638. [18] Srinivasan, R., Jayachandran, M., Ramachandran, K. (2007). Photoacoustic studies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Crystal Research and Technology,42(3), 266-274. [19]Ee, D. T. J., Sheng, C. K., Isa, M. I. N. (2011). Photoluminescence of porous †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences,15(2), 227-231.

Chose in Leadership Books :: essays research papers

So, you want to be a leader but don't know where to start? Well, after camping out in the self-help section at my local bookseller, I've got good news and bad news. The good news is that you've got lots of help to choose from. The bad news is that you've got lots of help to choose from. In my brief reconnaissance, I discovered a legion of writers who are just itching to let you in on their secrets. Don't believe it? Well, I'll save you a trip. I brought back proof. Don't expect a definitive list though. The cottage industry that's grown up around the subject of leadership easily keeps an army of loggers working overtime. So I just jotted down a representative sample -- enough I think to convince even the most skeptical that there's something for almost everyone. So, FOLLOW ME and read on. As you might have guessed, leadership books are all over the map. If you want your leadership hard-edged and bloody-minded, you can cuddle up with Attila the Hun or Niccolo Machiavelli (Leadership Secrets of Attila the Hun, by Wess Roberts; Machiavelli on Modern Leadership by Michael Ledeen). If you worry that Attila might be too old school, don't despair. There are ample contemporary choices. How about a couple of political celebrities like Rudy Giuliani (Leadership) and Colin Powell (Oren Harari, The Leadership Secrets of Colin Powell)? Sorry, Colin, but I'm guessing that they're not so secret any more. Finally, for the truly avant garde, there's Leadership for the Twenty-first Century, by Joseph C. Rost. Not to digress, but Colin got me thinking. I've read The Da Vinci Code and I've heard about conspiracies to keep the rest of us in the dark. I wonder if there's a cabal of leaders trying to hide their secrets from the hoi polloi. Well, maybe. Colin's not the only one who's decided to fess up. GE's former boss, Jack Welch is another insider who's finally talking (Robert Slater, 29 Leadership Secrets From Jack Welch). Even Santa Claus has decided to come clean (Eric Harvey, The Leadership Secrets of Santa Claus). Who knew that the teamsters kept secrets? There's also a heated debate over whether leadership is art or science. Max Depree says Leadership is an Art. And, he's got lots of company including retired General Barry McCaffrey, (Leadership: The Warrior's Art) and Ken Blanchard (Heart of a Leader: Insights on the Art of Influence).